Main Events: 1863

Notes:
1. Only summaries of significant battles are described below.   Details of these engagements and other military events are located at Events in the States, reached from this page and from Battles.
2. Full names and ranks of army officers are provided by Webb.

January 1, 1863.

Washington:   The final version of the Emancipation Proclamation takes effect.   It was announced in Washington by Pres. Lincoln on September 22, 1862.

Galveston, TX: Confederate troops and 4 improvised gunboats under Maj. Gen. John Bankhead Magruder attack and capture this important port city held by 3 Union companies, gunboats and supply ships under the command of Col. Isaac S. Burrell.   Four ships are captured and 1 is sunk, 1 is run aground and blown up, while the remaining vessels escape.   Thus, one Union enclave at a southern port is ended temporarily and the naval blockade is weakened for blockade runners, but not eliminated.  Union losses are 600 killed, wounded, missing and captured.   Confederate losses are 50 killed and wounded. ^{Long 307}

January 10 - 11, 1863.   Fort Hindman, AR: (Arkansas Post)   29,000 Union troops and 13 gunboats under Maj. Gen. John Alexander McClernand drive 50 miles up the Arkansas River to attack and capture this earthen fort held by Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Churchill.   McClernand is supported by gunboats under Rear Adm. David Porter.   The defenders had been disrupting Union shipping on the Mississippi.   The battle is unauthorized by Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant and has no strategic value, but it eliminates Confederate harassment of Union shipping on the Mississippi.   McClernand is ordered back to the Mississippi to continue the siege of Vicksburg.   Union losses are 129 killed, 831 wounded.   Confederate losses are 100 killed, 400 wounded, and 5,000 captured. ^{Long 310}

January 13, 1863.   Washington:   In accord with the articles of the Emancipation Proclamation, authority is granted to Col. Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a white officer, to establish the all-black First Regiment South Carolina Volunteers. ^{Long 311}   By the fall of 1864, 140 black regiments will be organized, 200,000 black troops will fight in 400 battles, and 39,000 will die.

February 24, 1863.   Washington:   The Arizona Territory is established from the New Mexico Territory. ^{Long 323}

February 25, 1863.   West Indies:   Near St. Thomas Island, the U.S.S. Vanderbilt seizes the British merchant ship, Peterhoff, as a blockade-runner.   It is bound for Metamoros, Mexico, near the Texas border.   The U.S. submits to the British charge that it has no right to stop shipping to neutral ports, a claim later upheld by U.S. courts. ^{Long 323}

February 26, 1863.   Indian Territory: (later, Oklahoma)   At the Cowskin Prairie Council, the Cherokee Nation repeals its ordinance of secession, abolishes slavery, and proclaims its allegiance to the Union. ^{Long 323}   However, many Cherokees continue to fight for the Confederacy.

March 3, 1863.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln signs into law the first Federal draft act.   It applies to men between 20 and 45, with exceptions.   Men can find substitutes or pay $300 to purchase out. ^Long

March 4 - 5, 1863.   Thompson's Station, TN: (Spring Hill, Unionville)   A Union brigade under Col. John Coburn, who left Franklin to reconnoiter south toward Columbia, at are attacked by Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn, Brig. Gen. Nathanial Bedfor Forrest, and Brig. Gen. W. H. Jackson.   After hard fighting, the Union troops are surrounded.   The cavalry escapes, but the infantry surrender.   Union losses are 100 killed, 300 wounded, 1,306 captured.   Confederate losses are 150 killed, 450 wounded. ^{Long 326}

March 26, 1863.   West Virginia:   Voters approve the gradual emancipation of slaves. ^{Long 332}

April 2, 1863.   Richmond:   As an indication of southern wants during the war, a "bread riot" occurs in the city.   A crowd surrounds a wagon demanding bread.   A mob breaks into shops for plunder.   Militia and police arrest perpetuators without bloodshed, but the incident is unsettling throughout the Confederacy. ^{Long 334}

April 10, 1863.   Richmond:   The Confederate Congress and Pres. Davis voice opposition to the planting of cotton and tobacco.   Instead, they advocate the planting of food. ^{Long 336}

April 20, 1863.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln issues a proclamation that the state of West Virginia is to enter the Union on June 20. ^{Long 340}

April 24, 1863.   Richmond:   The Confederate Congress levies a comprehensive "tax in kind" of 1/10 of all produce for the year 1863. ^{Long 341}

May 1, 1863.   Port Gibson, MS:   Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. John Stevens Bowen attack the larger Union force under Maj. Gen. John Alexander McClernand, but are pushed back and evacuate the city.   Grant's forces are now secure in Mississippi, about 30 miles south of Vicksburg.   Union losses are 130 killed, 718 wounded.   Confederate losses are 68 killed, 380 wounded, 384 missing. ^{Long 345}

May 1 - 4, 1863.   Chancellorville, Va:   Although heavily outnumbered, Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. R. E. Lee attack and defeat Union troops under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker at various locations.   The Federal attack against Richmond is again unsuccessful.   Union losses are 1,512 killed, 9,518 wounded, 5,000 missing out of 133,868 engaged.   Confederate losses are 1,581 killed, 8,700 wounded, 2,000 missing out of 60,000 engaged.   Union troops retreat across the Rappahanock River the next day. ^{Long 344 - 349}

May 12, 1863.   Raymond, MS:   An outnumbered Confederate brigade under Brig. Gen. John Gregg attempts to forstall the envelopment of Vicksburg by Maj. Gen. Grant by attacking a Union division under Maj. Gen. John Alexander Logan, but are repelled and retreat to Jackson, MS.   Union losses are 66 killed, 339 wounded, 37 missing.   Confederate losses are 969 killed and wounded. ^{Long 352}

May 14, 1863.   Jackson, MS:   Two Union corps of Maj. Gen. Grant's army under Maj. Gen. James Birdseye McPherson and Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman attack 2 Confederate corps that remain after most of the outnumbered 12,000 men under Gen. Joseph Eggleston Johnston retreat northward.   Union losses are 42 killed, 251 wounded, 7 missing.   Confederate losses are 450 killed and wounded. ^{Long 353}

May 16, 1863.   Champion's Hill, MS:   29,000 Union troops of Maj. Gen. Grant's Army are opposed by 20,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. John Clifford Pemberton, but eventually withdraw toward Vicksburg after giving battle.   Union losses are 410 killed, 1,844 wounded, 187 missing.   Confederate losses are 2,500 killed and wounded, 1,800 missing. ^{Long 354}

May 17, 1863.   Black River Bridge, MS:   Maj. Gen. Grant's Union army battle Confederate defenders, who eventually withdraw toward the Vicksburg defenses.   Union losses are 39 killed, 237 wounded, 3 missing.   Confederate losses are 600 killed and wounded, 1,731 captured.   Having crossed the Black River and seized Haynes' Bluff the next day, the seige of Vicksburg begins. ^{Long 354}

May 19 - July 4, 1863.   Vicksburg, MS:   Maj. Gen. Grant's forces invest Vicksburg with Maj. Gen. Philip Henry Sherman on the north side, Maj. Gen. James Birdseye McPherson in the center, and Maj. Gen. John Alexander McClernand on the south.   Union forces attempt unsuccessfully to break through the defenses twice.   Therefore, they begin siege operations.   Facing starvation and no hope of assistance from the outside to relieve the seige by Union troops under Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant, Confederate troops under Lt. Gen. John Clifford Pemberton surrender.   The strongest citadel guarding transportation along the Mississippi River is now under Union control.   Union losses for the entire Vicksburg campaign are 1,514 killed, 1,395 wounded, 453 missing.   Confederate losses are 1,260 killed, 3,572 wounded, 4,227 captured or missing, 29,941 surrendering. ^{Long 355-378}

May 21 - July 8, 1863.   Port Hudson, MS:   Union troops under Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Prentiss Banks invest the city and attempt unsuccessful assaults on May 27 and June 14 against Confederate troops under Gen. Franklin Gardner.   This last bastion controlling traffic along the Mississippi River surrenders on July 8 following the surrender of Vicksburg on July 4.   Union losses are 708 killed, 3,336 wounded, 319 missing.   Confederate losses are 176 killed, 447 wounded, 5,500 captured.   Union forces can now move freely along the river, subject to occasional guerrilla attacks. ^{Long 356,381}

June 7, 1863.   Milliken's Bend, LA:   Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Richard Taylor attack this Union garrison and staging area for the Vicksburg campaign under Col. Hermann Lieb and 3 regiments of black troops, but are repulsed after fierce fighting with assistance of the Union gunboat, Choctaw on the Mississippi River.   Union losses are 154 killed, 223 wounded, 115 missing.   Confederate losses are 125 killed, 400 wounded, 200 missng. ^{Long 363}

June 9, 1863.   Brandy Station, VA: (Beverly Ford)   The most significant cavalry battle of the war occurs when 10,000 Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton attack 10,000 Confederate cavalry under Maj. Gen. James Ewell Brown ("Jeb") Stuart.   Union losses are 421 killed and wounded, 486 missing.   Confederate losses are 301 killed and wounded, 184 missing. ^{Long 363-364}

June 13-15, 1863.

Winchester, VA:   Confederate Gen. R. E. Lee moves 3 corps to the Shenandoah Valley, intent on invading the north through Pennsylvania.   Unsure of Lee's plan, Brig. Gen. Robert Huston Milroy's garrison of 6,000 troops is ordered back to Harper's Ferry, but he delays his move.   His retreat is cut off and he is forced to fight superior numbers under Lt. Gen. Richard Stoddert Ewell's corps.   Union losses are 95 killed, 443 wounded, 89 missing, 4,443 captured.   Confederate losses are 42 milled, 410 wounded.   The Confederates also capture 23 guns, 300 loaded wagons, over 300 horses, and many other supplies.   Some Confederate units cross the Potomac River into Maryland.   There is panic in Maryland and Pennsylvania. ^{Long 365-367}

Washington: Pres. Lincoln reacts to the Confederate invasion by calling for 100,000 militia from Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. ^{Long 367}

June 20, 1863.   West Virginia:   The 35th state composed of 50 former Virginia counties, officially joins the Union by presidential proclamation.   (West Virginia now has 55 counties.) ^{Long 369}   (More on West Virginia statehood)

July 1-3, 1863.   Gettysburg, PA:   65,000 Confederate troops under Gen. R. E. Lee are unable to dislodge 85,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade after several attacks and retreat the next day, the troops toward Hagerstown, MD, and the wagon trains toward Chambersburg, MD.   Union forces skirmish with the Confederates, but there is no major effort to pursue and destroy them, so the Confederates cross the Potomac River and return to Virginia on July 13, their delay caused by a swollen river.   They will be pursued by Union forces under Meade in the following days.   Union losses for the Gettysburg Campaign are 3,155 killed, 14,529 wounded, 5,365 missing.   Confederate losses are 3,500 killed, 14,329 wounded, 13,621 missing. ^{Long 374-380}

July 2, 1863.   Richmond:   Pres. Davis authorizes Vice-Pres. Alexander Stephens to negotiate an exchange of prisoners and possible end of the war with Washington officials and also writes the same to Pres. Lincoln, who responds, "The request is inadmissible." ^{Long 376}

July 4, 1863.   Helena, AR:   In a belated attempt to relieve Vicksburg from Union seige by attacking an important Union supply depot, 7,600 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Theophilus Hunter Holmes unsuccessfully attack 4,100 Union troops under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Mayberry Prentiss.   Union losses are 37 killed, 117 wounded, 32 missing.   Confederate losses are 173 killed, 687 wounded, 776 missing. ^{Houghton n.p.}

July 7, 1863.   Washington:   The Union Conscription Act takes effect and causes much grumbling in New York City and other states. ^{Long 381}

July 10 - September 6, 1863.   Fort Wagner, SC:   Union troops under Brig. Gen. Quincy Adams Gillmore move to Morris Island in the Charleston, SC, harbor in preparation for attacks on the Confederate fort commanded by Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard.   The first unsuccessful assault is launched on July 11 followed by another unsuccessful attack on July 18, led by the 54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry, which suffered severe casualties.   These abortive attacks convince the Union command to adopt seige operations against the fort, which will be abandoned on Sep. 6, when Confederates realize that the next assault may succeed.   Union losses are 1,757 killed, wounded, and missing.   Confederate losses are 561 killed, wounded, and missing. ^{Long 382-405}

July 13, 1863.   Donaldsonville, LA: (Kock's Plantation, Cox's Plantation)   Two Union divisions under Brig. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel shifted to Donaldsonville following the surrender of Port Hudson move inland on both banks of Bayou Lafourche to pacify the region.   Following skirmishing on July 11 and 12, a brigade of Confederate troops under Brig. Gen Thomas Green and cavalry commander, Col. Taylor, attack and route the much larger Union force, which withdraws to Fort Butler at Donaldsonville.   Union losses are 465 killed, wounded, and missing.   Confederate losses are 3 killed and 30 wounded. ^{ACW n.p.}

July 13-16, 1863.   New York, NY:   Laborers, mostly foreign, riot as the draftee names are drawn and read on July 11 and 13.   Draft headquarters, homes and businesses are wrecked and looted and fires are set.   It is quelled only by the arrival of troops from Gettysburg.   It is estimated that 1,000 people were killed or wounded and property destruction totaled $1,500,000.   Less destructive riots occur in other cities until the northern population becomes reconciled with the draft, although grumbling persists. ^{Long 384-385}

July 17, 1863.   Honey Springs, Ind. Ter.: (Elk Creek, Shaw's Inn)   Union commander, Brig. Gen. James Gillpatrick Blunt, thinks that Confederate troops, mostly American Indians, under Brig. Gen. Douglas Hancock Cooper are concentrating to attack his post at Fort Gibson, so he decides to attack before they can be reinforced.   Blunt's troops, whites, American Indians, and blacks, defeat Cooper's troops to preserve Union command of the west.   Union losses are 17 killed, 60 wounded.   Confederate losses are 150 killed, 400 wounded. ^{ACW n.p.}

July 21 - 23, 1863.   Manassas Gap & Chester Gap, VA:   The Union army under Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade attempt to get between Richmond and retreating Confederate troops under Gen. R. E. Lee in the Shenandoah Valley.   Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Henry French twice attack a Confederate division under Maj. Gen. Richard Heron Anderson, which retreats but prevents the Union army from its objective, so the remainder of Gen. Lee's army is able to cross into the Luray Valley and head toward Richmond in safety.   Union losses are 35 killed, 102 wounded.   Confederate losses are 300 killed and wounded. ^{Houghton n.p.}

August 21, 1863.   Lawrence, KS:   300 to 400 Confederate and Missouri guerrillas, commanded by Lt. Col. William Clarke Quantrill, a renegade captain in the Confederate army, crosses the border at Westport, MO to attack at dawn, sacking and burning about 75 business and 100 residences, and murdering 143 men and boys, and wounding 24.     Women and children are not harmed.   The raiders lose 40 killed.   This raid was in perceived retaliation for Quantrill's personal grudge against the town, a center of Free-State sympathizers, for the earlier Federal guerrilla raid on Osceola, and for the bitterness engendered by the so-called Kansas War.   The "Lawrence Massacre" promptes US Brig. Gen. Thomas Ewing, Jr., to issue his General Order No. 11, which forces all civilians to evacuate four counties in Missouri that border Kansas and provide safe haven for "border ruffians".   Union soldiers then destroy the farms in the region, creating a "burnt district" on August 25, whereby about 20,000 Missourans lose their homes.   Quantrill will be mortally wounded by Union guerrillas in May, 1865, near Taylorsville, KT, and die on June 6 in a Union military prison at Louisville, KT.

September 5, 1863.   London:   Union authorities had been concerned throughout the war over Great Britain's acquiescence in the building of Confederate warships under private contracts at Liverpool and elsewhere.   The issue reaches a crisis over the building of 2 ironclads named "Laird Rams" that are nearing completion.   U.S. Minister, Charles Francis Adams warns that if the waships are released it will result in war between Great Britain and the U.S.   The vessels are not released and the last major political crisis with Great Britain is ended. ^{Long 405}

September 8, 1863.   Sabine Pass, TX:   A Union flotilla of 4 gunboats under Capt. Frederick Crocker and 7 troop transports under Maj. Gen. William Buel Franklin run through Sabine Pass (the town had been under Union control since Sep. 25, 1862) and up the Sabine River on the Lousiana-Texas border intending to occupy Texas after reducing Fort Griffin, held by 44 Confederates under Lt. Richard W. Dowling.   The Confederates drive away the flotilla and capture one gunboat and about 200 prisoners.   The victory against great odds is a morale booster to western Confederate forces. ^{ACW n.p.}

September 9, 1863.

Fort Sumter, SC:   413 marines and sailors unsuccessfully attack the fort at 1 a.m. Union losses are 124 killed, wounded and missing.   There are no Confederate losses.

Chattanooga, TN: Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Starke Rosencrans occupy this important rail and river transportation center after its abandonment by Confederate forces under Gen. Braxton Bragg. ^{Long 407}

September 10, 1863.   Little rock, AR:   Union troops under Maj. Gen. Frederick Steele defeat Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Sterling Price at Bayou Fourche and occupy the capital in the evening after the Confederates withdraw.   Union losses are 72 killed, wounded, and missing.   Confederate losses are unknown. ^{ACW n.p.}

September 19-20, 1863.   Chicamauga, GA:   Confederate trops under Gen. Braxton Bragg defeat Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Starke Rosecrans, who retreat toward Chattanooga.   Union losses out of 58,000 engaged are 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded, 4,549 missing.   Confederate losses out of 66,000 engaged are 2,389 killed, 13,412 wounded, 2,003 missing.   The Confederates surround Union troops in Chattanooga and begin siege operations, which will be relieved partially by Gen. Grant on Oct. 27 as a supply line to the city is opened. ^{Long 411-412,426}

October 3 - 10, 1863.   Blue Springs, TN:   Union troops under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside move through eastern Tennessee, intending to clear the roads and passes to Virginia and maybe destroy the salt works near Abington.   Meanwhile, Confederate cavalry under Brig. Gen. John Stuart Williams is in the area attempting to disrupt Union communication and supply lines.     He also wants to take Bull Gap on the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad.   He meets Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. Samuel Powhatan Carter on Oct. 3 at Blue Springs and fights briefly before withdrawing.   The forces skirmish for several days.   On Oct. 10, Williams and Carter return with reinforcements and resume their fight.   Union troops under Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero break through the Confederate lines and defeat the Confederates who retreat to Virginia.   Confederate influence in east Tennessee is diminished.   Union losses during the campaign are 488 killed, wounded, or missing.   Confederate losses are 233 killed, wounded, or missing. ^{ACW n.p.}

October 5, 1863.   Charleston, SC:   The Confederate torpedo boat, David, commanded by Com. W. T. Glassell, thrusts her torpedo at the Union warship, New Ironsides.   Its explosion severely damages the warship and almost swamps the cigar-shaped, steam-driven boat.   The boat commander and another sailor are captured, while the other crew relight the boiler fire and return to safety.   Another naval innovation has made the scene. ^{Long 418}

October 14, 1863.   Bristoe Station, VA:   Union troops under Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade are retreating toward Manassas to prevent being flanked by a Confederate army under Gen. R. E. Lee, who intends to fight at Centreville.   Confederate troops under Lt. Gen. Ambrose Powell Hill reach retreating Union troops and launch a premature and costly unsuccessful attack, allowing the Union troops to continue their retreat.   Realizing his objective is thwarted, Lee returns to the Rappahanock River.   Union losses are 51 killed, 329 wounded.   Confederate losses are 750 killed and wounded, 450 missing. ^{ACW n.p.}

October 15, 1863.   Charleston, SC:   The experimental submarine, H. L. Hunley, sinks for a second time in the harbor on a practice run, killing its inventor, Hunley, and seven others.   It will be raised and tested again. ^{Long 422}

October 16, 1863.   Washington:   Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant is ordered to command the Military Division of the Mississippi, which includes the former Departments of the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee. ^{Long 423}

October 17, 1863.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers for Union armies. ^{Long 423}

October 28 - 29, 1863.   Wauhatchie, TN:   Confederate troops under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union troops under Brig. Gen. John White Geary at night in an attempt to disrupt Union efforts to relieve the Confederate siege of Chattanooga.   Union losses are 78 killed, 327 wounded, 13 missing.   Confederate losses are 300 killed, 1,200 wounded. ^{Long 427}

November 3, 1863.   Grand Coteau, LA:   Union troops are attacked by Confederate cavalry under Brig. Gen. Thomas Green.   Union losses are 26 killed, 124 wounded, 576 missing.   Confederate losses are 60 killed, 320 wounded, 65 missing. ^{Long 429}

November 6, 1863.   Droop Mountain, WV:   Union troops under Brig. Gen. William Woods Averell attack Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. John Echols, who are blocking the road.   Confederates retreat to enable the Federals to continue their march to Lewisburg, WV., to clean out southern opposition and destroy railroad links between Virginia and the southwest.   Union losses are 31 killed, 94 wounded.   Confederate losses are 50 killed, 250 wounded, 100 missing. ^{Long 431}

November 7, 1863.   Rappahannock Station & Kelly's Ford, VA:   Maj. Gen. Meade's Union army crosses the Rappahannock River and engage Gen. Lee's army who retreat to the Rapidan River, thus restoring Union and Confederate lines existing before the Bristoe battles.   Union losses are 489 killed and wounded.   Confederate losses are 11 killed, 98 wounded, 1,924 captured or missing. ^{Long 431}

November 17 - December 4, 1863.   Knoxville, TN:   After fending off Confederate attacks, the besieged Union army under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside are relieved by Union troops under Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, who are sent from Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant's army following their victory over Confederates at Chattanooga.   Confederates under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet retire toward Greeneville and winter quarters. ^{Long 434-443}

November 19, 1863.   Gettysburg, VA:   Following a 2-hour oration by Edward Everett, Pres. Lincoln delivers his brief Gettysburg Address at the commemoration of the new military cemetery for soldiers killed at the Gettysburg battle.   It receives modest attention by the audience and the newspapers at the time, although famous later. ^{Long 435}

November 23 - 25, 1863.   Chattanooga, TN: (Including Lookout Mt., Orchard Knob, Missionary Ridge)   After several battles, Confederate troops under Gen. Braxdon Bragg withdraw to Chickamauga Creek defenses.   Of 56,000 Union troops engaged, losses are 757 killed, 4,529 wounded, 330 missing.   Of 46,000 engaged Confederate troops, losses are 361 killed, 2,181 wounded, 6,142 missing. ^{Long 436-438}

November 26 - 28, 1863.   Mine Run, VA:   An army of 85,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade cross the Rapidan River in an attempt to flank Gen. R. E. Lee's army of 48,500, but fail to bring an end to the Federal drive to engage and defeat the Confederates.   The Union army will retreat across the Rapidan River on December 1.   Union losses are 173 killed, 1,099 wounded, 381 missing.   Confederate losses are 98 killed, 610 wounded, 1,104 missing. ^{Long 438-440}

November 27, 1863.   Ringgold & Taylor's Ridge, GA:   Union troops under Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant continue to pursue retreating Confederate troops under Gen. Braxton Bragg.   Union losses are 68 killed, 351 wounded.   Confederate losses are 50 killed, 200 wounded, 230 missing. ^{Long 439}

December 8, 1863.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln issues his annual message to Congresss and also his plan for Reconstruction, called Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, that pardons southerners taking loyalty oaths, except for high-ranking officials and criminals.   It also provides for establishing state governments without slavery. ^{Long 444}

December 14, 1863.   Bean's Station, MS: (Morristown)   Union cavalry and troops under Brig. Gen. James Murrell Shakelford are attacked and defeated by Confederate troops under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, who were retreating from Knoxville.   Union losses are 700 killed and wounded.   Confederate losses are 952 killed and wounded, 150 captured. ^{ACW n.p.}