Main Events: 1862

Notes:
1. Only summaries of significant battles are described below.   Details of these engagements and other military events are located at Events in the States, reached from this page and from Battles.
2. Full names and ranks of army officers are provided by Webb.

January 11, 1862.   Washington:   Sec. of War Simon Cameron resigns under pressure, being accused of contract fraud, overactive politics, and general mismanagment.   He is replaced by Edwin M. Stanton of Ohio on January 13. ^{Long 159}

January 19, 1862.   Mill's Springs, KT: (Logan's Crossroads)   About 4,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. George Henry Thomas defeat about 4,000 Confederates under Brig. Gen. Felix K. Zollicoffer on the north bank of the Cumberland River.   This is the first break in the Confederate defensive line in Kentucky that runs from the Cumberland Gap in the East to Columbus on the Mississippi.   Union losses are 38 killed, 194 wounded; Confederate losses are 190 killed, 160 wounded. ^{Long 159}

January 27, 1862.   Washington:   Frustrated and embarassed by the inaction of his armies, Pres. Lincoln issues an unprecedented War Order No. 1 that ordered a general advance of all armies on February 22, Washington's birthday. ^{Long 163}

January 30, 1862.   Greenpoint, Long Island, NY:   The first ironclad warship, the USS Monitor, designed by John Ericsson, is launched. ^{Long 164}

February 6, 1862.   Fort Henry, TN:   Brig. Gen. U. S. Grant with 15,000 of his 20,000 troops from Paducah, together with 4 ironclad gunboats and several wooden warships move to this important fort guarding this river that offers transportation deep into the Confederacy.   The gunboats were built by the famous engineer, James. B. Eads, and commanded by Commodore Andrew H. Foote.   After sending most of his 3,400 Confederate troops to Ft. Donelson 12 miles away on the Cumberland River to prevent their capture by superior Union force, Brig. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman and a few Confederate artillerists duel with the Union gunboats and then surrender a hopeless situation.   Union losses are 40 killed and Confederate losses are 5 killed, 11 wounded.   Although this is not much of a battle, the capture of Ft. Henry opens the Tennessee River to Union advance into the South and the Confederate line across Kentucky is now useless. ^{Long 167}

February 8, 1862.   Roanoke Island, NC:   The Union sea-borne expeditionary force of 7,500 men under Brig. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside, supported by 24 gunboats and transport vessels under Rear Admiral Louis M. Goldsborough, defeats 2,000 Confederates under Brig. Gen. Henry Alexander Wise.   Union losses are 35 killed, 200 wounded, and Confederate losses are 16 killed, 39 wounded, 2,527 prisoners.   30 guns are captured.   This victory gives the Union control over Pamlico Sound, which serves as an important Union sea and land operational base. ^{Long 168}

February 16, 1862.   Fort Donelson, TN:   Union forces totaling 37,500 under Brig. Gen. U.S. Grant, assisted by 4 gunboats, repaired from the Ft. Henry fight, and other warships under Commodore Foote capture this important gateway into the South that runs by Clarksville, TN, containing the Cumberland Iron Works, second in production only to the Tredegar Works in Richmond.   The river also runs by Nashville, TN, an important railroad junction and the supply base of all Confederate troops under Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston.   Confederate forces 17,500 troops are commanded by Brig. Gen. Simon Boliver Buckner.   Union losses are 500 killed, 2,108 wounded, 224 missing.   Confederate losses are 231 killed, 1,534 wounded, 13,829 prisoners.   The 4 Union ironclad gunboats are put out of action.   This battle is a catastrophe for the South, since Kentucky is now lost, as Confederate troops at Columbus and Bowling Green withdraw to the south to avoid being surrounded.   The important Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers are under Union control and the state of Tennessee now is open to invasion.   "Unconditional Surrender" Gen. Grant becomes a hero in the North.   The next day he is promoted to Major General of Volunteers.   Genls. Floyd and Pillow, who fled the fort before it surrendered will be relieved of commands. ^{Long 170-172}

February 18, 1862.   Richmond:   The newly elected C.S.A. Congress convenes as a two-house legislature. ^{Long 172}

February 21, 1862.   Valverde, NM: (Ft. Craig)   Some 2,600 Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley defeat about 3,800 Union troops under Col. Edward Richard Sprigg Canby, who withdraw into Ft. Craig.   The Confederate troops bypass the fort on their way to Santa Fe.   Union losses are 62 killed, 140 wounded.   Confederate losses are 36 killed, 150 wounded. ^{Long 173}

February 22, 1862.   Richmond:   On George Washington's birthday, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated President of the C.S.A. ^{Long 174}

February 25, 1862.   Nashville, TN:   Union trooops under Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell occupy the capital of Tennessee without a fight as many southerners flee.   Its capture was made possible by the surrender of Ft. Donelson to Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant.   Andrew Johnson is appointed military governor.   East Tennessee is still under Confederate control of Maj. Gen. E. Kirby Smith. ^{Long 174-175}

March 6-8, 1862.   Pea Ridge, AR: (Elkhorn Tavern)   After seesaw battles, 11,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. Samuel Ryan Curtis finally drive 14,000 Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn from Pea Ridge in the largest battle west of the Mississippi River.   Union losses are 203 killed, 972 wounded, 174 missing.   Confederate losses are 800 to 1,000 killed and wounded, 200 to 300 missing and captured.   This battle secures nearby Missouri for the Union and prevents Confederate protection of the Mississippi River. ^{Long 179-180}

March 8, 1862.   Washington:   President Lincoln issues War Order No. 2 that sufficient forces be left to protect Washington after being informed that General-in-Chief McClellan plans to attack Richmond via the James River in his Peninsula Campaign. ^{Long 181}

March 9, 1862.   Hampton Roads, VA:   The first historic battle between two ironclad ships occurs.   An ironclad has a wooden bottom covered with a metal top.The USS Monitor, designed by John Ericsson of New York City, is completed and launched at Greenpoint, Long Island, on January 30 and moves to Ft. Monroe, VA, on March 6.   The CSS Virginia (USS Merrimack in the north), was burned and sunk deliberately at Gosport Navy Yard near Norfolk, VA, on April 20, 1861, as Union forces evacuated the yard to southern forces.   It was raised on May 30 and converted to an ironclad on November 25.   On March 8, it destroys two Union ships and disperses others.   The battle between the two ironclads is inconclusive, since their shells bounce from each other with minor damage.   The significance of the battle is its eventual obsoleting of wooden warships. ^{Long 180-181}

March 11, 1862.   Washington:   Following an inconsequential March to and from Manassas, VA, on March 9, the Confederates having withdrawn to the Rappahannock River line, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan is relieved from General-in-Chief of the Federal Armies by War Order No. 3, but continues as commander of the Department and Army of the Potomac.   For the time being, all Union generals will report to the Secretary of War.   The War Order also changes field commands, including making Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck commander of the Department of the Mississippi, which includes the western forces. ^{Long 183}

March 14, 1862.   New Berne, NC:   Operating from their base on Roanoke Island, 11,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside defeat 4,000 Confederates under Brig. Gen. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch and occupy the city.   Union losses are 91 killed, 466 wounded.   Confederate losses are 64 killed, 106 wounded, 413 captured. ^{Long 184}

March 17 - April 4, 1862.   Ft. Monroe, VA:   Maj. Gen. George B. McClelland move Union troops to this fort and up the peninsula via the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay to begin the Peninsula Campaign, Richmond being the ultimate objective. ^{Long 186,193}

March 18, 1862.   Richmond:   Under severe political pressure, Pres. Davis replaces Judah P. Benjamin with George W. Randolph of Virginia as Secretary of War because of military reverses. ^{Long 186}

March 23, 1862.   Kernstown, VA:   About 3,500 Conferate troops under Maj. Gen. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson attack about 9,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. James Shields in the first battle of what will be called the Shenandoah Valley Campaign.   Fighting well, but heavily outnumbered, the Confederates withdraw south in the valley.   Union losses are 103 killed, 400 wounded, 24 missing.   Confederate losses are 80 killed, 342 wounded, 269 prisoners.   The battle has the intended effect of threatening Harper's Ferry and Washington.   Consequently, Union troops that were intended to augment Maj. Gen. McClellan's Army of the Potomac gathering at points on the James and York Rivers in what will be known as the Peninsula Campaign return to the Shenandoah Valley and Washington for defense. ^{Long 187-188}

March 26-28, 1862.   Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory:   At Apache Canyon, near Johnson's Ranch, and at La Glorieta Pass at Pigeon's Ranch, Union troops under Col. John P. Slough battle Confederate troops under Col. W. R. Scurry, who is under the command of Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley.   Confederates retreat to Santa Fe and their intended conquest of the territory is over as later they retreat toward to San Antonio.   Union losses are 32 killed, 75 wounded, 35 missing.   Confederate losses are 36 killed, 60 wounded, 93 missing. ^{Long 189-190}

April 6-7, 1862.   Shiloh, TN: (Pittsburg Landing)   About 62,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. U.S. Grant and Brig. Gen. Don Carlos Buell battle 40,000 Confederates troops under Maj. Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston.   After hard fighting, the Confederates withdraw to Corinth, MS.   Union losses are 1,734 killed, 8,408 wounded, 2,885 captured.   Confederate losses are 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, 959 captured.   These are the greatest number of casualties in a single battle to date.   Union troops realize that battling in this area will not be easy.   However, Confederate troops have not scored a decisive victory and Union armies are still on the march on southern soil. ^{Long 194-195}

April 7-8, 1862.   Island No. 10, Mississippi River, TN: (New Madrid Bend)   Battling the swampy environment as well as Confederate troops, Union troops capture this important Confederate fortress barring their way to southern forts along the river.   They also silence the Tiptonville batteries on the mainland.   Now more of the river is open to Union forces for deeper penetration into the South.   Union losses are 17 killed, 84 wounded, 3 missing.   Confederate losses are 30 killed and wounded, 2,000 to 5,000 captured. ^{Long 195-196}

April 9, 1862.   Richmond:   The Confederate Senate passes a bill calling for conscription of troops that will be approved by Pres. Davis on April 16.   Eligible for 3 years' service are white males between the ages of 18 to 35.   There is considerable opposition to this law. ^{Long 197,200}

April 11, 1862.   Fort Pulaski, GA:   Union troops, supported by destructive naval fire, capture this fort guarding the main channel to the Savannah harbor, thus improving the Union naval blockade.   Union losses are one killed.   Confederate losses are 4 wounded, 360 prisoners. ^{Long 198}

April 16, 1862.   Washington:   On April 16, 1862, Pres. Lincoln signs the District of Columbia Emancipation Act which frees the approximately 3,100 DC slaves living there.   This is followed on July 12, 1862, by the Supplemental Compensated Emancipation Act that allows the Feds to pay $300 per slave to each loyal master plus $100 to each slave desiring emigration.   Total payout will be about $1,000,000.   This is the only time in U. S. history that slave owners are ever compensated for freed slaves.   For many years thereafter, DC blacks will celebrate April 16 with much gusto.   It was comparable to the white July 4 - "free at last".   It is now an official celebration day in the District. ^{DC n.p.}

Richmond:   The Confederate Congress passes the first military conscription law on the North American continent.   It enrolls all white males between the ages of 18 and 35 and provides exemption categories for various occupation and situations. ^{Thomas 61}

April 24-25, 1862.   New Orleans:   A union fleet of gunboats under Flag Officer David Glasgow Farragut with 700 troops under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Franklin Butler successfully bypass the guns of Forts Jackson and St. Philip and ship and chain obstructions near the mouth of the Mississippi River with only 3 vessels badly damaged.   They head for New Orleans where they are challenged by Confederate gunboats and a ram, which they destroy with only 1 ship lost, and easily capture the undefended city from Maj. Gen. Mansfield Lovell whose troops departed.   Including the casualties at the 2 river forts that were bombarded for several days, but not yet surrendered, Union losses are 36 killed, 193 wounded.   Confederate losses are 185 killed, 197 wounded, 400 captured. ^{Long 202-203}

April 25, 1862.   Fort Macon, NC:   After a siege of 1 month, Confederate troops under Col. Moses J. White surrended to Union troops under Brig. Gen. John Grubb Parke, who was supported by gunboats that dismounted over half the fort guns.   Union losses are 1 killed, 11 wounded.   Confederate losses are 7 killed, 18 wounded, 450 captured. ^{Long 204}

April 28, 1862.   New Orleans:   Surrounded and Isolated from surrendered New Orleans, its supply center, Forts Jackson and St. Philip on the Mississippi River surrender.   The Mississippi River below New Orleans now is totally under Union control. ^{Long 204}

May 3, 1862.   Yorktown,VA:   Outnumbered by Union troops under Maj. Gen. McClellan attacking up the peninsula, Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston evacuate the city and head to Williamsburg, VA. ^{Long 206}

May 5, 1862.   Williamsburg,VA:   Retreating Confederate troops are attacked by the advancing Union troops under Brig. Gen. Joseph Hooker, Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny, and Brig. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock as the Confederates continue their retreat toward Richmond.   Union losses are 456 killed, 1,400 wounded, 372 missing.   Confederate losses are about 1,000 killed, wounded and captured. ^{Long 207}

May 8, 1862.   McDowell, VA: (Bull Pasture Mt.)   Beginning the famous Shenandoah Valley Campaign, 10,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. T. J. ("Stonewall") Jackson are attacked by 6,000 Union Troops under Brig. Gen. Robert Cumming Schenk, who then retreat to Franklin, VA, followed by Jackson.   He then returns to the valley.   Union losses are 28 killed, 225 wounded, 3 missing.   Confederate losses are 75 killed, 424 wounded and missing. ^{Long 208}

May 9, 1862.   Norfolk, VA:   Threatened by Union troops moving up the peninsula, Confederate troops evacuate this important naval base, which had captured early in the war, after destroying some arms, ships and equipment.   However, much valuable equipment is left behind for eventual Union use. ^{Long 209}

May 11, 1862.   Norfolk, VA:   The famous CSS Merrimack (Virginia, in the South), is scuttled outside the naval base to prevent its falling into Union hands. ^{Long 210}

May 12, 1862.   Natchez, TN:   The city surrenders to Flag Officer Farragut without a fight. ^{Long 211}

May 15, 1862.

Drewry's Bluff, VA:   In anticipation of the upcoming Peninsula Campaign, five Union ships, including the U.S.S. Monitor move up the James River toward Richmond to Drewry's Bluff, 8 miles from Richmond.   In a 4-hour battle they are damaged and cannot reduce the bluff's Fort Darling because of it high elevation, so they retire.   Thus, Union troops will have no naval gun support in a water approach to Richmond.

Liverpool, UK:   Ship No. 290 is launched from the Laird shipyard.   It will become the famous raider, C.S.S. Alabama. ^{Long 211-212}

May 20, 1862.   Washington:   What to do with the vast Federal lands was an issue that persisted in Congress for many years with no resolution.   Free distribution had been advocated by the Free-Soil Party and became part of the new Republican Party in the presidential campaign of 1860.   Now that the southern opposition was absent, the Homestead Act easily passes the northern-dominated Congress and Pres. Lincoln signs it.   It is effective January 1, 1863, which for filing fees totaling $18, grants free to a maximum of 160 acres to citizens or applicants for citizenship who never were in rebellion against the U.S., and who are heads of households or at least 21 years old, and who promise to settle the plot for 5 years and make improvements.   270 million acres in many states, representing 10% of the entire U.S.A., will be given away under this law.   With many changes, the Homestead Act operated until 1976, except that Alaska lands were granted until 1986. ^{NPS n.p.}  

May 25, 1862.   Winchester, VA:   Continuing the Shenandoah Valley campaign, 16,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson defeat 8,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. N. P. Banks.   Union losses are 62 killed, 243 wounded, 1714 missing or captured.   Confederate losses are 68 killed, 329 wounded, 3 missing.   Banks retreats to Williamsport, MD. ^{Long 216}

May 27, 1862.   Hanover Court House, VA:   Union troops under Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter defeat an attack by Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch.   Union losses are 53 killed, 344 wounded.   Confederate losses are 2,000 prisoners and an unknown number of killed and wounded. ^{Long 217}

May 30, 1862.   Corinth, MS:   Facing an overwhelming Union force under Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, Confederate troops evacuate the city, an important railroad junction for the Memphis & Charleston Railroad, and retreat to Tupelo. ^{Long 218}

May 31-June 1, 1862.   Fair Oaks, VA: (Seven Pines)   On May 31, Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. J. E. Johnston attack Union troops under Brig. Gen. Erasmus Darwin Keyes and Brig. Gen. Samuel Peter Heinzelman south of the Chickahominy River.   They are assisted by a corps under the command of Brig. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner who cross the river and Johnston's troops are driven off.   On June 1, Maj. Gen. James Longstreet's Confederate troops attack Union troops, but to no effect.   Confederate troops are ordered back to their original positions by newly appointed Brig. Gen. Robert Edward Lee (previously commander in chief and advisor to Pres. Davis) who replaces the severely wounded Johnston.   Union losses are 790 killed, 3,627 wounded, 405 missing.   Confederate losses are 980 killed, 4,749 wounded, 647 missing. ^{Long 218-219}

June 3-5, 1862.   Fort Pillow, TN:   Threatened by Union naval and army troops, Confederates evacuate this Mississippi River fortification, taking most of the guns.   It is occupied by Union forces. ^{Long 221-222}

June 6, 1862.   Memphis, TN:   On the Mississippi River, five Union ironclads and four rams under Commodore Charles Davis destroy three Confederate gunboats and capture four, one escaping, all under the command of Capt. James E. Montgomery.   The Confederates also lose 8 transports and several vessels being built.   One Union vessel is damaged.   Memphis then surrenders to troops attached to the fleet.   There are no Union losses.   Confederate losses are 80 killed and wounded, 100 captured. ^{Long 222-223}

June 8, 1862.   Cross Keys, VA: (Union Church)   10,500 Union troops under Maj. Gen. John Charles Frémont attack 6,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Richard Stoddard Ewell, but are driven off.     Ewell's forces then move to Port Republic to assist Confederate troops.   Union losses are 125 killed, 100 wounded.   Confederate losses are 42 killed, 230 wounded. ^{Long 224}

June 9, 1862.   Port Republic, VA:   3,000 Union troops under Col. Erastus Bernard Tyler, who is under overall command of Brig. Gen. James Shields, are attacked by 5,900 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson, supported by Ewell's troops and drive off the Union troops.   Union losses 67 killed, 361 wounded, 574 missing.   Confederate losses are 88 killed, 335 wounded, 34 missing.   This battle ends Jackson's famous Shenandoah Valley Campaign, where he was able to outmaneuver and keep occupied superior Union forces for 38 days without being surrounded and destroyed.   Frémont is ordered to remain in the valley, while Shields and McDowell are ordered back to Fredericksburg.   Frémont will later resign when ordered to serve under Maj. Ge. John Pope. ^{Long 224}

June 16, 1862.   Secessionville, SC: (Fort Johnson)   6,600 Union troops under Brig. Gen. Henry Washington Benham unsuccessfully attacked 2,500 Confederate troops under under Col. Nathan George Evans at this hamlet on James Island in the Charleston harbor.   The aborted attack hampers Union efforts to control this important harbor.   Union losses are 107 killed, 487 wounded, 89 missing.   Confederate losses are 52 killed, 144 wounded, 8 missing. ^{Long 227}

June 17, 1862.   St. Charles, White River, AR:   US gunboats and transports with troops under Col. Grahan N. Fitch are fired upon moving up the White River are fired upon by 2 guns on the St. Charles cliffs under the command of CSN Lt. Joseph Fry.   They rupture a boiler on the Mound City and the scalding steam kills and wounds many Union soldiers and sailors.   However, Union troops disembark below St. Charles and capture the city.   US losses are 105 killed, 30 wounded.   CS losses are 155 killed, wounded and captured. ^{Houghton n.p.}

June 19, 1862.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln signs a law prohibiting slavery in the territories. ^{Long 228}

June 25, 1862.   Oak Grove, VA: (King's School-House, French's Field, The Orchard)   Union troops under Maj. Gen. Benjamin Heintzelman's command are ordered forward to prepare for a general movement on the following day, but are stopped by Confederate troops under Maj. Gen Benjamin Huger.   This action is a prelude to what is known as the Seven Days' Campaign aimed to capture and defend Richmond.   Union losses are 51 killed, 401 wounded, 64 missing.   Confederate losses are 65 killed, 465 wounded, 11 missing. ^{Long 230}

June 26, 1862.   Mechanicsville, VA: (Beaver Dam Creek, Ellerson's Mill)   14,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Powell Hill begin the Seven Days Campaign by attacking 15,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. Fitz John Porter who are on the north side of the Chickahominy River.   The Confederates capture Mechanicsville, as Porter's troops retreat. ^{Long 230-231}

June 27, 1862.   Gaines' Mill, VA: (First Cold Harbor, The Chickahominy)   Porter's troops are again attacked by Confederates under Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood and Brig. Gen. George Edward Pickett.   Union troops withdraw across the Chickahominy River to join the main U.S. Army. ^{Long 232}

June 29, 1862.   Savage's Station, VA:   Confederate troops cross the Chickahominy and unsuccessfully attack Union troops. ^{Long 233}

June 30, 1862.   Frayser's Farm, VA: (White Oak Swamp)   Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet try unsuccessfully to cut off McClelland's army from its base at Harrison's Landing on the James River.   Union troops retreat to defend at Malvern Hill. ^{Long 234}

July 1, 1862.

Malvern Hill, VA:   Confederate troops end the Sevens Days Campaign by unsuccessfully attacking Union troops, who later withdraw to the James River.   The Union attempt to capture Richmond with its superior force of 115,000 v. 88,000 Confederates is defeated.   Of 83,000 Union troops engaged, 1,734 are killed, 8,062 wounded, 6,038 missing.   Of 86,500 Confederate troops engaged, 2,820 are killed, 14,011 wounded, 732 missing.

Booneville, MS: Union troops under Col. Philip H. Sheridan defeat Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. James Ronald Chalmers.   Union losses are 43 killed and wounded.   Confederate losses are 17 killed, 65 wounded.

Washington: Pres. Lincoln approves a new income tax bill of 3% on incomes between $600 to $10,000 and 5% over $10,000.   He also calls for 300,000 more troops from the states and approves the bill for the laying of the Union Pacific-Central Pacific railroad across the west. ^{Long 235-236}

July 2, 1862.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln approves the Morrill Act that provides 30,000 acres of land for each Senator and Congressman for the establishing of agricultural and mechanical colleges in every state. ^{Long 236}

July 11, 1862.   Washington:   Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck is named General-in-Chief of all land forces by Pres. Lincoln.   He will leave the west and work from Washington. ^{Long 238}

July 14, 1862.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln's request for a bill for compensating owners for slave emancipation is rejected by Congressmen.   He signs into law a pension bill for wounded war veterans and dead veteran next of kin.   The Senate creates the new state of West Virginia. ^{Long 240}

, 1862.   Vicksburg, MS:   The newly built Confederate ironclad, C.S.S. Arkansas, enters the Mississippi River from the Yazoo River and attacks and damages Union ships and then anchors under the Vicksburg bluffs.   Union ships attack and damage the Arkansas, but fail to put it out of action.   It again demonstrates the superiority of iron ships over wooden ones.   Union losses are 13 killed, 36 wounded.   Confederate losses are 5 killed, 9 wounded. ^{Long 240}

July 16, 1862.

Paris, FR:   Confederate commissioners unsuccessfully try to persuade Napoleon III to recognize the C.S.A. and break the Union blockade of Confederate ports in exchange for cotton.

Washington:   Pres. Lincoln approves a bill creating the naval rank of Rear Admiral for all flag officers and approves another bill increasing duties on sugar, tobacco and liquor and another bill forbidding financial interests of Congressmen, government agents and military officers in government contracts. ^{Long 241}

July 17, 1862.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln signs the Second Confiscatory Act that provides for freeing all slaves from states in or supporting rebellion who come under Union control.   It also allows confiscating other property, using former slaves to fight, establishing a foreign, tropical country for former slave colonization, as desired, and using discretionary presidential amnesty.   These acts begin the fight between the President and Congress over who has the authority in slave and post-war reconstruction matters.   Other bills provided by drafting men between 18 and 45 years for 9 months service (never implemented) and using postage stamps as money because of the shortage of coins.   Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant was given command of all Union forces in the Armies of the Tennessee and Mississippi and in the District of the Mississippi and Cairo. ^{Long 241}

July 29, 1862.   Liverpool, UK:   The British-built Confederate cruiser, CSS Alabama, leaves unarmed to be armed at sea for subsequent attacks on Union shipping. ^{Long 245}

August 5, 1862.

Baton Rouge, LA:   A Confederate force of 2,600 under Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge unsuccessfully attack 2,500 troops under Brig. Gen. Thomas Williams, who then counterattack with the aid of Mississippi River gunboats.   The C.S.S. Arkansas, in poor operating condition, arrives from Vicksburg too late to be of any help.   Confederates retreat to Port Hudson on the river.   Union losses are 82 killed, 255 wounded, 34 missing.   Confederate losses are 84 killed, 316 wounded, 78 missing. Washington:   Pres. Lincoln issues another call for 300,000 soldiers. ^{Long 248}

August 6, 1862.   Baton Rouge, LA:   On the Mississippi River, federal warships severely damage the C.S.S. Arkansas, which is then abandoned and sunk by her crew.   In her 28 fighting days on the river, the ship becomes a legend in heroism. ^{Long 248}

August 9, 1862.   Cedar Mountain, VA: (Slaughter Mt.)   Union troops under Brig. Gen. John Pope moving south attack Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson that is inconclusive.   Union losses are 450 killed, 660 wounded, 290 missing.   Confederate losses are 229 killed, 1,047 wounded, 31 missing. ^{Long 249}

August 16, 1862.   Harrison's Landing, VA:   Previously ordered by General-in-Chief Halleck to evacuate the area and end the unsuccessful Peninsula Campaign, Union troops under Maj. Gen. McClelland arrive at Aquia Creek to support Brig. Gen. John Pope's drive from the north.   Richmond now secure from attack, Confederate troops under Gen. R. E. Lee advance into northern Virginia to oppose Brig. Gen. John Pope's Union troops. ^{Long 251}

August 17 - September 23, 1862.   Southwestern MN:   The Sioux Indians revolt and kill many settlers and Union soldiers before being defeated at Wood Lake, where 1,000 Indians are captured.   38 Sioux will be executed on Dec. 26.   An estimated 450 to 600 people die during the uprising. ^{Long 252}

August 25, 1862.   Washington:   Sec. of War Stanton authorizes the commander of the Southern Department to use up to 5,000 former slaves and train them to guard former plantations and settlements. ^{Long 255}

August 29 - 30, 1862.   Manassas, VA:   Confederate troops under R. E. Lee defeat Union troops under Brig. Gen. John Pope.   Union troops retreat to Centreville, VA. ^{Long 257-258}

August 30, 1862.   Richmond, KT:   Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith and Maj. Gen. Patrick Ronayne Cleburne begin their invasion of Kentucky by attacking and defeating Union troops under Brig Gens. Mahlon Dickerson Manson and Charles Cruft.   Union losses are 200 killed, 700 wounded, 4,000 missing.   Confederate losses are 250 killed, 500 wounded. ^{Long 258}

September 1, 1862.   Chantilly, VA: (Ox Hill)   Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson defeat Union troops under Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell, Maj. Gen. Issac Ingalls Stevens, and Maj. Gen. Philip Kearny.   On the following day, all of Maj. Gen. Pope's troops withdraw to the northern Virginia defenses near Washington on Sep. 2 and the Northern Virginia Campaign is over.   Richmond is no longer threatened.   Union losses for the campaign from August 23 to September 1 are 1,747 killed, 8,452 wounded, 4,623 missing of 75,000 engaged.   Confederate losses are 1,090 killed, 6,154 wounded of 48,500 engaged.   Brig. Gen. Pope will be relegated to command of the Northwest Territory and pursuit of the Sioux. ^{Long 260}

September 4-6, 1862.   Leesburg, VA:   Gen. R. E. Lee and his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia cross the Potomac River and head for Frederick, MD.   Maj. Gen. T. J. Jackson occupies Frederick, MD on Sep. 6. ^{Long 261-262}

September 7-12, 1862.   Maryland:   Gen. R. E. Lee and his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia move from Frederick to Hagerstown as they are pursuied by the Federal Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan that has crossed the Potomac River from Virginia into Maryland. ^{Long 261-262}

September 13-15, 1862.   Harpers Ferry, VA:   After Confederate troops under Brig. Gen. T. J. Jackson capture the strategic Maryland Heights that command the Ferry on the 13th, Union troops in the city under Col. Dixon S. Miles surrender.   Union losses are 44 killed, 173 wounded, 12,520 captured or missing (the captured will be paroled).   Confederate losses are about 500 killed and wounded.   Vulnerable to attack by approaching Union forces, the Confederates leave the town on on the 18th with considerable Unions arms and other materiel.   Union troops reoccupy it on the 22nd. ^{Hearn 148-192}

September 14, 1862.   South Mountain, MD:   28,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan attack 18,000 Confederate troops under Gen. R. E. Lee, who are pushed back to Sharpsburg (Antietam).   Union losses are 443 killed, , 1,806 wounded.   Confederate losses are 500 killed, 2,343 wounded, 1,500 captured. ^{Long 266}

September 14-16, 1862.   Munfordville, KT:   Confederate troops under Gen. Braxton Bragg defeat Union troops under Col. Cyrus L. Dunham and Col. John T. Wilder.   Union losses are 50 killed, 3,566 captured and missing.   Confederate losses are 714 killed and wounded. ^{Long 266}

September 17, 1862.   Sharpsburg, MD: (Antietam)   75,000 Federal troops under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan attack 40,000 Confederate troops under Gen. R. E. Lee.   Union losses are 2,010 killed, 9,416 wounded, 1,043 missing.   Confederate losses are 2,700 killed, 9,770 wounded, 2,304 missing.   Heavily outnumbered, Gen. Lee retreats across the Potomac River on Sep. 18 and 19. ^{Long 267-268}

September 19-20, 1862.   Iuka, MS:   Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Sterling Price attempt to prevent Union troops under Maj. Gen. U. S. Grant from reinforcing Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell who is marching to attack Confederate troops invading Kentucky.   Union troops under Brig. Gen. William Starke Rosecrans defeat the Confederates.   Union losses are 141 killed, 613 wounded, 36 missing out of 4,500 engaged.   Confederate losses are 263 killed, 692 wounded, 561 captured out of 3,200 engaged. ^{Long 269}

September 20, 1862.   Sheperdstown, VA: (Blackford's Ford)   Union brigades under Col. James Barnes and Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin attack retreating Confederates under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Powell Hill, but are repelled.   Union losses are 92 killed, 131 wounded, 103 missing.   Confederate losses are 33 killed, 231 wounded. ^{Long 269}

September 22, 1862.

Washington:   Pres. Lincoln announces the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.   It warns Confederate states that they must end the rebellion before the end of the year, or face the loss of their slave property "forever".   It is an incentive to return to the Union before it is too late.   It declares that all slaves in areas that are still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863, will be free.   Lincoln used vacated congressional seats to determine those areas still in rebellion, as some parts of the South had already been recaptured and representatives returned to Congress under Union supervision.   Since it freed slaves only in Confederate areas that were beyond Union occupation, the Emancipation Proclamation actually freed only those slaves that had fled rebellious areas into northern armies.   The measure also helped deny British support for the Confederacy, since slavery is illegal in the British empire.   The announcement is met by jubilation and opposition in the northern states and armies because many people are unwilling to fight for slave freedom.   It causes much abuse against Lincoln in the south too, southerners saying that Lincoln always was an undeclared abolitionist.   Although the Congress had freed slaves in its July 17 Second Confiscatory Act, Lincoln believed that it had no constitutional authority to do so.   As commander-in-chief he believed he had this constitutional authority.

September 27, 1862.   Richmond:   A Second Conscription Act authorizes Pres. Davis to call up men between 35 and 45 years of age. ^{Long 271}

September 30, 1862.   Newtonia, MO:   3,000 Choctaw and Cherokee Indians from the Indian Territory under Col. Douglas Hancock Cooper and Confederate cavalry under Col. Joseph Orville Shelby defeat 2 Union brigades of 1,500 troops under Brig. Gen. James G. Blunt, who retreat to Sarcoxie.   Union losses are 50 killed, 80 wounded, 115 missing.   Confederate losses are 220 killed, 280 wounded.   Although victorious, the Confederate troops are heavily outnumbered in the state and retreat to northwest Arkansas.   This is the last victory for the Confederates in Missouri. ^{ACW n.p.}

October 3-4, 1862.   Corinth, MS:   22, 000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn and Maj. Gen. Sterling Price attack 23,000 Union troops under Brig. Gen. William Starke Rosencrans, but withdraw to Chewalla.   Union losses are 315 killed, 1,812 wounded, 232 missing.   Confederate losses are 1,423 killed, 5,692 wounded, 2,248 missing.   The battle prevents Union reinforcement of Buell's army moving against Bragg in Kentucky, but it losses an important railroad center at Corinth. ^{Long 274-275}

October 5, 1862.   Metamora, MS: (Big Hatchie River)   Union troops in divisions under Brig. Gen. Stephen Augustus Hurlbut and Maj. Gen. Edward Otho Cresap Ord attack the Rear-Guard of retreating Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn.   The Confederates continue their retreat as the Federals regroup.   Union losses are 500 killed and wounded.   Confederate losses are 400 killed and wounded. ^{Long 275}

October 8, 1862.   Perryville, KT: (Chaplin Hills)   37,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell pursue 16,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg, although only some see action in the largest battle in Kentucky.   Confederates retreat to the Cumberland Gap, taking with them large amounts of grain and supplies stolen from Kentucky.   Union losses are 916 killed, 2,943 wounded, 489 missing.   Confederate losses are 516 killed, 2,635 wounded and 251 missing.   For allowing the escape of Bragg's force, Buell will be replaced by Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans on October 24. ^{Long 276,281}

November 5, 1862.   Washington:   Pres. Lincoln replaces Maj. Gen. McClellan with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. ^{Long 284}

Nov. 21, 1862.   Richmond:   Pres. Davis appoints James A. Seddon as Secretary of War to replace George W. Randolph, who resigned on Nov. 15. ^Long

December 7, 1862.

Prairie Grove, AR: (Fayetteville)   10,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Thomas Carmichael Hindman attempt to destroy 10,000 separated Union forces under Brig. Gen. James Gillpatrick Blunt and Brig. Gen. Francis Jay Herron, but they unite and repel the attack.   The Confederates retreat under severe winter weather and northwestern Arkansas remains under Federal control.   Union losses are 175 killed, 813 wounded, 263 missing.   Confederate losses are 164 killed, 817 wounded, 336 missing.

Hartsville, TN:   1,400 cavalry under Col. John Hunt Morgan defeat a garrison of Union men under Col. A. B. Moore.   Union losses are 58 killed, 204 wounded, 1,834 captured.   Confederate losses are 21 killed, 114 wounded. ^{Long 293-294}

December 13, 1862.   Fredericksburg, VA:   Having braved Confederate sniping to cross the Rappahannock River and gain the city on Dec. 11, 114,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. Ambrose Everett Burnside attack 72,500 Confederates under Gen. R. E. Lee, but are repulsed with severe losses.   Federals continue to occupy the city, but cannot dislodge the Confederates holding the heights outside it.   Union losses are 1,180 killed, 9,028 wounded, 2,145 missing.   Confederate losses are 579 killed, 3,870 wounded, 127 missing.   Their drive on Richmond thwarted, Union troops will withdraw across the Rappahannock in the next two days. ^{Long 294,296}

December 28 - 29, 1862.   Chickasaw Bayou, MS: (Vicksburg)   31,000 Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman attack 14,000 Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. John Clifford Pemberton, but are repulsed.   Union losses are 191 killed, 982 wounded, 736 missing.   Confederate losses are 63 killed, 134 wounded, 10 missing. ^{Long 301}

December 31, 1862 - January 2, 1863.   Murfreesboro, TN: (Stone's River)   Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Starke Rosencrans battle Confederate troops under Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg, but neither can defeat the other after ferocious fighting.   The Confederates withdraw on January 3.   Union losses are 1,533 killed, 7, 245 wounded, 2,800 missing.   Confederate losses are 1,294 killed, 7,943 wounded, 1,027 missing. ^{Long 302,307}